Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Origin The name aleph is derived from the West Semitic word for "ox", and the shape of the letter derives from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on a hieroglyph which depicts an ox's head.
The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. It is the only possible carrier where hamzah is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamzah, hamzah is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-kasrah, below it, indicating that the letter so modified does indeed signify a glottal stop, and not a long vowel.
Again, alif is always the carrier. The pronunciation varies among Jewish ethnic groups. In gematria, aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means i. Aleph, along with Ayin, Resh, He, and Heth, cannot receive a dagesh. However, there are few very rare examples where the Masoretes added a dagesh or mappiq to an Aleph or Resh. The verses of the Hebrew Bible wherein an Aleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are Genesis , Leviticus , Job and Ezra In Modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.
Such use is more common in words of Aramaic and Arabic origin, in foreign names and some other borrowed words. In Hebrew the Bible begins with the second letter of the alphabet, Bet. In this folktale, Aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the Ten Commandments. In the Sefer Yetzirah, the letter aleph is king over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and the chest in the soul.
Aleph is also the first letter of the Hebrew word emet, which means truth. In Jewish mythology it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the golem which ultimately gave it life. Aleph in Jewish mysticism represents the oneness of God.
The letter can been seen as being composed of an upper yud Yodh , a lower yud, and a vav Waw letter leaning on a diagonal. The vav "hook" connects the two realms. Jewish mysticism relates aleph to the element of air, the Fool Key 0, value 1 of the major arcana of the tarot [1] deck, and the Scintillating Intelligence 11 of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth. Hebrew sayings with aleph From aleph to tav describes something from beginning to end, the Hebrew equivalent of the English "From A to Z.
With a line below it is 10, and with two dots below it is 10,, The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in Unicode as of version 5. Other uses Mathematics In set theory, the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the aleph numbers, which represent the cardinality of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician Georg Cantor. The Arabic script is an impure abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing.
Modern Arabic is nearly always written with consonant pointing, but occasionally unpointed texts are still seen. Early texts such as the Qur'an were initially written without pointing, and pointing was added later to determine the expected readings and interpretations. It serves the same purpose as furigana also called "ruby" in Japanese or pinyin or zhuyin in Mandarin Chinese for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
Another use is in children's literature. Harakat are also used in ordinary texts when an ambiguity of pronunciation might arise. Vowelled Arabic dictionaries provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. Short vowels can be included in cases where readers could not easily resolve word ambiguity from context alone, or simply wherever their writing might be considered aesthetically pleasing. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic romanisation of unvocalised texts.
Fully vocalised Arabic texts i. The word kasrah means 'breaking'. However, consecutive alifs are never used in the Arabic orthography.
Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single alif with a maddah above it—the combination known as an alif maddah. The dagger alif occurs in only a few words, but these include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger alif. It means that the alif is not pronounced, e. It only occurs in the beginning of words can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel; this is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic.
The signs indicate, from right to left, -un, -in, -an. These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in literary Arabic or classical Arabic triptotes only.
In a vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced see pausa. In many spoken Arabic dialects, these endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings.
It is used to indicate gemination consonant doubling or extra length , which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled.
Typically ijam are not considered diacritics but part of the letter. Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the rasm, and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the rasm image.
Which letter is to be used to support the hamzah depends on the quality of the adjacent vowels. All three of above words "begin" with a vowel opening the syllable, and in each case, alif is used to designate the initial glottal stop the actual beginning. See the comprehensive article on hamzah for more details. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels along with their respective allophones of Arabic.
Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy 9th — 11th century. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where they were necessary for a correct reading.
Al Farahidi's system This is the precursor to the system we know today. His system is essentially the one we know today.
References [1] Versteegh, The Arabic language. This page proposes a guideline regarding the transliteration from the Arabic alphabet to Roman letters in the English Wikipedia. The transliteration of Arabic used by Wikipedia is based on the ALA-LC Romanization method, with a few simple changes that make it easier to manage and read. The strict transliteration uses accents, underscores, and underdots, and is only used for etymology in the beginning of the article.
All other cases of Arabic words rendered into English will use the same standard, but without accents, underscores, and underdots. Some exceptions to this rule may apply. Definitions Arabic For the purposes of this convention, an Arabic word is a name or phrase that is most commonly originally rendered in the Arabic alphabet, and that in English is not usually translated into a common English word. These could be in any language that uses this script, such as Arabic, Persian, or Ottoman Turkish.
Some primary transcriptions are not transliterations because they may be ambiguous as to the original spelling. Examples of self-identification include a driver's license or passport in which the individual personally chose a particular form of transcription. Google searches can be useful in determining the most common usage, but should not be heavily relied upon. The content of large searches may not be relevant to the subject being discussed.
This word is used in the names of three historical Caliphs and a town in Iraq, and is also another name for the Mahdi in Shi'a Islam. Since Google searches do not discriminate between them, other sources must be used to determine if a primary transcription exists for any particular usage.
Google search counts are also biased toward syndicated news articles; a single syndicated reference may generate hundreds or thousands of hits, amplifying the weight of whatever spelling happens to be used by that one reference. If there is no primary transcription, a standard transliteration is used see below.
The standard transliteration of Muhammad is used. The standard transliteration of "al-Qahira" is not used. The standard transliteration of Usama ibn Ladin is not used. Standard transliteration The standard transliteration uses a systematic convention of rendering Arabic scripts. The standard transliteration from Arabic to Roman letters is found below.
The standard transliteration does not carry enough information to accurately write or pronounce the original Arabic script. It does, however, increase the readability of the article to those not familiar with Arabic transliteration, and avoids characters that may be unreadable to browsers.
Strict transliteration A strict transliteration is completely reversible, allowing the original writing to be faithfully restored. A strict transliteration need not be a mapping of characters as long as there are clear rules for choosing one character over another. A source character may be mapped 1:n into a sequence of several target characters without losing sequential reversibility.
A strict transliteration uses a system of accents, underscores, and underdots to render the original Arabic in a form that preserves all the information in the original Arabic. Note that several letters proposed in the strict transliteration system below do not render correctly for some widespread software configurations e. Examples Arabic Primary transcr. Standard transcr. Strict translit. This is in accordance with the official Wikipedia policy at Wikipedia:Naming conventions use English.
Many articles that are missing this information are listed at Category:Articles needing Arabic script or text. Some cases will require variations on this format. If the name is extremely long, the first appearance of the name is suitable to provide the strict transliteration.
Likewise, if a strict transliteration appears overly repetitious, it should be in place of the page title in the lead paragraph. Redirects All common transliterations should redirect to the article.
There will often be many redirects, but this is intentional and does not represent a problem. The standard transliteration is the same, without accents, underscores and underdots. Consonants Arabic Name Standard translit. When medial or final, hamza is romanized.
Strict Trans. However, if it is followed by a solar letter listed in the table right , the "L" is assimilated in pronunciation with this solar letter and the solar letter is doubled. For this manual of style, assimilated letters will be used, as it aids readers in the correct pronunciation. The definite article "al-" and its variants ash-, ad-, ar-, etc. Bashar al-Assad. The Persian alphabet adds letters to the Arabic alphabet, and changes the pronunciation of some Arabic letters which are not pronounced in Persian.
In addition, Persian does not use a definite article "al-". All vowels, long or short, remain transliterated the same as in Arabic. Urdu Urdu adds additional letters, and some existing letters are transliterated differently. As such, there is a long established set of standards for writing the language in a standard transliteration; however, in a strict transliteration, the language adheres closely to the standards for strict transliteration described above.
In the following table, only those letters which differ in either their strict or their standard transliteration from the Arabic-oriented table above are shown; all others are transliterated according to that table.
This is only transliterated as h at the end of a word in proper nouns. For a definite article in initial position, the definite article is written as el- in both the standard and the strict transliterations; e. For a definite article in medial position, such as is found in many names of Arabic origin, the vowel in the strict transliteration can be written in a variety of ways; e.
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